General

In TypeScript, each member is public by default and you can have only one constructor per class. That is a departure from ES6 which allows one class to have more than one constructor as long as they have a different number of parameters.

When we add _public _or _private _accessibility to an argument of the constructor, that argument automatically becomes a member of the class with the relevant accessibility modifier.

name?: string Name is optional

self is really window.self
If you're using a function in a different context, this will refer to that context, but self will still be window.

Create a new type

type CardinalDirection = "North" | "East" | "South" | "West";

Cast an object to a new type

interface Foo {  
    bar: number;  
    bas: string;  
}  
var foo = {} as Foo;

readOnly vs const

Reassignment of variable is not possible. But you can change properties of an object.

The difference is that the value of a static readonly field is set at run time, and can thus be modified by the containing class, whereas the value of a const field is set to a compile time constant.

readOnly: boolean | 'nocursor';

ReadonlyArray

TypeScript comes with a ReadonlyArray type that is the same as Array with all mutating methods removed, so you can make sure you don’t change your arrays after creation:

const arr: ReadonlyArray<number> = [1, 2, 3, 4];

Use const or readonly, along with ReadonlyArray to make array immutable.

Function Types

To describe a function type with an interface, we give the interface a call signature. This is like a function declaration with only the parameter list and return type given.

interface SearchFunc {
    (source: string, subString: string): boolean;
}

Indexable Types

Indexable types have an index signature that describes the types we can use to index into the object, along with the corresponding return types when indexing.

interface StringArray {
    [index: number]: string;
}

let myArray: StringArray;

myArray = ["Bob", "Fred"];

Interfaces Extending Classes

When an interface type extends a class type it inherits the members of the class but not their implementations. Interfaces inherit even the private and protected members of a base class. This means that when you create an interface that extends a class with private or protected members, that interface type can only be implemented by that class or a subclass of it.

TypeScript is a structural type system

When we compare two different types, regardless of where they came from, if the types of all members are compatible, then we say the types themselves are compatible.

However, when comparing types that have private and protected members, we treat these types differently.